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California's Green Building Code
00/00/0000, 00:00 | Green Home Building and Sustainable ArchitectureThese new codes include basic passive solar mandates: "When site and location permit, orient the building with the long sides facing north and south. Provide exterior shade for south-facing windows during the peak cooling season. Provide vertical shading against direct solar gain and glare due to low altitude sun angles for east- and west-facing windows."
For renewable energy, the codes says, "Use on-site renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, low-impact hydro, biomass and bio-gas for at least 1% of the electric power."
For water conservation, the code says, "A schedule of plumbing fixtures and fixture fittings will reduce the overall use of potable water within the building by 20%, and provide water efficient landscape irrigation design that reduces by 50% the use of potable water beyond the initial requirements for plant installation and establishment."
"Each building shall further reduce the generation of wastewater by one of the following methods: The installation of water-conserving fixtures (water closets, urinals) or utilizing non-potable water systems (captured rainwater, graywater, and municipally treated wastewater
(recycled water)."
For materials to be specified for construction, the following is mandated:
- Select building materials or products for permanent installation on the project that have been harvested or manufactured in California or within 500 miles of the project site.
- Select bio-based building materials and products made from solid wood, engineered wood, bamboo, wool, cotton, cork, straw, natural fibers, products made from crops (soy-based, corn-based) and other bio-based materials with at least 50% bio-based content.
- Employ wood-based materials and products comprising at least 50% of a major building component, such as framing, flooring, or millwork, which are certified by one of five listed sustainably harvested certification programs.
- Use materials made from plants harvested within a ten-year cycle for at least 2.5% of total materials value, based on estimated cost.
- Use salvaged, refurbished, refinished, or reused materials for a minimum of 5% of the total value, based on estimated cost of materials on the project.
- Use materials, equivalent in performance to virgin materials, with post-consumer or preconsumer recycled content value (RCV) for a minimum of 10% of the total value, based on estimated cost of materials on the project.
- Use cement and concrete made with recycled products, fly ash, raw or calcined natural pozzolan, blast furnace slag (as a lightweight aggregate) .
- Select materials for longevity and minimal deterioration under conditions of use.
- Select materials that require little, if any, finishing.
- Select materials that can be re-used or recycled at the end of their service life in the project.
- Select materials assemblies based on life cycle assessment of their embodied energy and/or green house gas emission potentials.
Environmental and health-related items establish specific limits on VOC emission of materials used within the structure, as well as regulate ventilation, CO2 emissions, tobacco smoke, lighting, outside views, and noise transmission.
Additional recommended measures include:
- If feasible, disassemble existing buildings instead of demolishing to allow reuse or recycling of building materials.
- Utilize a Frost-Protected Shallow Foundation.
- Use pre-manufactured floor and roof systems to eliminate solid sawn lumber whenever possible.
I have been advocating most of these measures at www.greenhomebuilding.com for many years now, and it is heartening to see them being officially sanctioned. This is a far-reaching and well-considered attempt by California legislators to establish requisites for living sustainably. If there are going to be building codes, they might as well be green! Yeah California!
Herzog & de Meuron Tenerife Arts Space officially opens [Clipping]
11/05/2008, 16:25 | Land+Living: Modern Lifestyle + Designdown by kehinde wiley
00/00/0000, 00:00 | designboom weblog, design related news, reviews and previews
sleep, 2008 (source imagery: jean-bernard restout)
november 1 - december 20, 2008
down is an exhibit of new paintings by kehinde wiley which opened earlier this month at new yorks
deith projects. a wide selection of wileys large-scale works will be on show including four new works
each referencing images of fallen warriors, saints, and classical mythology. using source imagery
from classical paintings, wiley contemporizes them with elements of other painting styles including
graffiti. wiley also examines the notion of the master painter, while also casting young black males
in the role of the subject.
http://www.deitch.com
http://www.kehindewiley.com
all photography by max yawney

morpheus, 2008 (source imagery: jean-antoine houdon)

christian martyr tarcisius, 2008 (source imagery: auguste falguiere)

the virgin martyr st. cecilia, 2008(source imagery: stefano maderno)

femme piquee par un serpent, 2008 (source imagery: auguste clesinger)

lamentation over the dead christ, 2008 (source imagery: mantegna)

a dead soldier, 2008 (source imagery: velasquez)

down by kehinde wiley, installation view at deitch projects
Fort Knox by Sietze Kalkwijk
11/17/2008, 11:29 | MoCo LocoCru by Sebastian Bergne
11/18/2008, 07:03 | MoCo Loco
New work by Sebastian Bergne that centres around wine will be featured in an exhibition called CRU, opening at the Aram Gallery in London on November 28 and running through January 10. Wine brings people together and the concepts presented in this show further enhance the social experience. Corked is a series of decanting and serving vessels that combine the traditional glass and cork in new formats like the Trousers glass after the jump. Geo Cork is a multi-pronged pin that serves as a connector for corks and works both as a plaything and a measure of consumption. Among the pieces on display, there is a Vintage Dip line of t-shirts, a case that can be used as a rack, a wine diary for samples and the conical Marcel wine rack above.
Weekly Summary: CW 25
00/00/0000, 00:00 | :: Vol. 2: the design management weblog | by ralf beuker :
Part of the characteristics of blogs is their sequential format. This implies that postings usually appear in a chronological order. While this is in general nothing to worry about from time to time however you’d wish to point people to ‘older’ blog posts as well.
However old is relative and if you’ve done several postings per week your ‘Monday Musing’ is low down in the list and already far away from visitor’s attention. Therefore here’s my weekly (visual) Summary:
- My Take On Design Leadership
- Dear Blog: Happy 5th Anniversary
Design Research Conference 2008, IIT Institute of Design; Chicago [del.icio.us]
00/00/0000, 00:00 | :: Vol. 2: the design management weblog | by ralf beuker :“Flatshare” wins Electrolux Design Lab 2008
00/00/0000, 00:00 | Design SojournRammed Earth is for Everyone!
00/00/0000, 00:00 | FUTURE HOUSE NOWVia Earth Architecture (of course!).
Green Home 101: Talking Trash
00/00/0000, 00:00 | Inhabitat
Considering the fact that the average person produces 4.5 pounds of waste per day according to the EPA, we would be remiss not to address the question of household waste in our exploration of what it takes to make a green home. Thanks to more widespread public and private recycling programs and increased consumer awareness, Americans are definitely learning to tighten their ‘waste-line,’ but we still produce a phenomenal amount of garbage on a daily basis. Before we can talk about reducing, re-using and re-cycling, Green Home 101 needs to talk trash.
3030 House - waiting for the steel erector
00/00/0000, 00:00 | LamiDesign Modern House Plan Blog
This illustration shows a different color scheme than the previous images.
On site they applied a void filling top coating to the foundation wall and ground it smooth. This creates a mottled patina on the concrete surface which looks pretty cool.

The rest of the crew is sanding reclaimed oak barn boards which will become the ceiling of the ground floor.

Tune into the 3030 House flickr group to see all of the photos forwarded by the owner.
Technorati Tags: 3030 House, 6030 House, 6040 House, ecosteel, modern design, modern house, prefab house
Clinton Murray - Gunyah Residence
00/00/0000, 00:00 | Modern Residential Design
Solid as a rock - A challenging section on Gunyah beach in Bundeena, forced Clinton Murray to rethink the vernacular (perhaps simple) Australian beach side house and create a resilient coastal retreat. Built to last forever.
via: Many thanks to Clinton Murray 
Overview
Huge boulders throughout the cliff side, would have made slapping a wooden prefab house on the top of the plot the easiest option. Choosing instead to hide the house well down the plot near the breaking shoreline, posed challenges, yet rewarded both the architect and owners with stunning results. It also appeased the planning officials and nearby residents.
"The linear site is divided midway by a massive rock face, defining two distinct levels. The natural, sheltered enclave at the base of the rock face is where we believed the building belonged."
Tucked into the hillside, the copper clad roof has set out to weather itself in the ocean green shade of the bay beyond, further minimising the impact of the building for neighbours above.
Combined with the weathered copper is the solid base of the house. The ground floor living structure, of textured off-form concrete made with horizontal board forms, gives the impression of weathered timber, which contrasts with the fresh browns of the Oregon sleeping quarters and gallery above.
Building on a series of staggered rock platforms, the logistics of site management for labour, plant & equipment was challenging. All materials had to be craned in or manhandled from the top of the site, or from the beach front below. The entry stairs and concrete bridges required innovative reinforcement and form work solutions to achieve both continuous spans and the appearance of thin concrete blades hovering above the site. These thin blades continue inside with kitchen bench tops and bathroom surfaces formed on site of ultra thin jet black concrete.
Layout
To reach the timber front door, you negotiate the rock face via timber steps that weave through the boulders. Crossing a bridge that leads to a discreet front door you push open an oversized panel to reveal the high stud gallery. Strategically orientated, the full height end window of the gallery frames a nearby palm. Everything is overscale, stretched vertically, to relate to the magnitude of the cliff face behind the building site. Here, the reused Oregon timber stands vertical, allowing the seams to disguise two door panels, behind which hide two of the three master bedrooms. Each with, en-suite, balconies and outstanding views across the bay.
Heading down the hillside, you arrive at the main living quarters, housed in that heavy masonry base of textured off-form concrete. As with the rest of the house, glass front windows bathe the room with light, yet here, in contrast, the kitchen area to the rear and cubbyhole rooms, are lined with dark black concrete floors and bench tops. The darkness providing refuge from the summer heat, and mimic the caves often found tucked into cliffs around the Australian coast.
Also taking notes from nature the orientation of each level shifts as you rise up the cliff face. Thus forming fronds like the nearby palms, and allowing the building to sit back, minimising it's visual impact from the shoreline.
Results
"The house sits with its toes touching the sea and with an exposed worn rock face at its back, both constant reminders of the power of wild storms blowing in from the north-east. And should the big seas come, this house is a safe haven, no question about it."
Slideshow
Architect Clinton Murray
Project team Polly Harbison (Project Architect), Tanja Klocker, Jeff Umansky
Project Gunyah Beach House
Location Bundeena, New South Wales
Google Location
Builder Bellavarde Constructions
Structural Engineer O’Hearn Consulting
Landscape Architect 360 degrees
Photographer Simon Kenny
Plans

Egonomics and the 'Recognition Economy' | Conference Documentation [del.icio.us]
00/00/0000, 00:00 | :: Vol. 2: the design management weblog | by ralf beuker :tokyo design week 08: 'cellular automation' by ross lovegrove
00/00/0000, 00:00 | designboom weblog, design related news, reviews and previews
'celluar automation origin of species 2'
image © designboom
as animals grow, their bone structures increase in size. they develop into the ultimate shaped forms,
being able to support the entire structure with just one fifth the mass of the whole. this is a study
of ross lovegrove's organic essentialism. in his work he analyzes the composition and structure of bones
and finds ways through modeling and structuring. for 'cellular automation' he created complex structures
experimenting with 3d software to create pieces that imitate nature. his work is on display as part of
the second nature exhibition at 21_21, tokyo, japan.

image © designboom

image © designboom

image © designboom

image © designboom

detail
more:
http://www.rosslovegrove.com
designboom article on ross lovegrove's organic essentialism
Wallpaper that Looks like a Stone Wall
00/00/0000, 00:00 | Freshome
Personally I know that I would like to have in my apartment a wall that looks like a stone wall, but how this is not possible you can still have this idea by using a wallpaper that looks like a stone wall. For those of you who like this idea, and are already thinking on how their apartment will look with this stone wallpaper you can buy the stone wall from Target.

a
360 Winnett: It Looks Flat, But It's Not
11/17/2008, 09:24 | MoCo Loco
We've obviously shied away from a traditionally pitched roof, however one common misconception about the house is that the roof is flat. While it definitely appears that way from the ground, it actually slopes away from the structure at around 2 degrees. We've had quite a lot of rain over the last few days, but other than a little frost (and the snow that was falling from the sky) it was essentially bone dry up there.
a chair for the times
11/07/2008, 11:05 | InfluxinsightsHerman Miller took a long hard look at these problems and designed a chair with a positive impact on health. It's amazing to see a company take such an ambitious and rigorous approach to understanding and solving the needs of its users.
"Embody lets your body move and keeps you well supported, because your mind works best when you move freely and stress is minimized on your muscles, bones, and tissues. Blood circulates better, heart rate goes down, more oxygen flows to the brain, and there is no distracting discomfort or physical constraint. That's critical in our idea economy where innovation drives success and people get paid for their thoughts and creativity."
Better health= Better ideas- Very smart and it makes a nice pitch to CEOs and CFOs.
To get there, Herman-Miller talked and involved dozens of experts in fields of vision, biomechanics, physical therapy and ergonomics. These experts shared insights and helped develop prototypes.

Of course, the Embody is ahead of the curve environmentally, containing 45% recycled materials, no PVC and is 95% recylable.
Posted by Ed Cotton
A coherent account of the Financial Crisis
00/00/0000, 00:00 | LamiDesign Modern House Plan BlogThe financial players on Wall Street had essentially placed "bets" in the form of complex financial constructs called Credit Default Swaps. These were placed by the banks against one another making them all interdependent and likely to topple if one fell. These were first conceived as a form of insurance, later used as more or less a bet. There is no regulation of these financial devices, and hence no overall picture of how over leveraged the industry was. Incredibly irresponsible.
I highly recommend getting the podcast from their site if you have any interest at all in understanding what just happened to you and me - it is a free download for the first week following the show. Here is a link to their site:
http://www.thislife.org/
Or if you are an iTunes user you can subscribe and get the show from there.
Tom Kundig's Sublime House - "The Brain"
00/00/0000, 00:00 | FUTURE HOUSE NOWI resisted buying the book, though I'd really like to have it. It's very nice and Kundig's work is amazing. The house on the cover, Chicken Point Cabin, has been shown everywhere, and for good reason. It's pretty spectacular, and that giant, tilting window and the unusual mechanical folly for opening it are sublime.

Visiting the OSKA site, I found that the house I liked most wasn't one of the groovy cabins I'd spotted in a lot of the blogs and architecture mags. I was taken by the "The Brain," a fascinating concrete monolith built for a filmmaker.

That's wonderful. I love the way the house rests on its site, half hidden, with creeping vines growing all over it. I hate big ugly garages hanging off the side of a house, parasitic, distorting proportions, so I was delighted to see this house with the garages tucked neatly underneath, buried into the slope of the landscape. No yard either - excellent!
"The form is essentially a cast-in-place concrete box, intended to be a strong yet neutral background that provides complete flexibility to adapt the space at will." - OSKA site

The austere concrete exterior belies a more playful space inside: wonderful bookshelves (just look at 'em!), interesting lighting, a fireman's pole, and an amusing custom staircase.



Yes, this is a house I can see myself living in. The only exception I take with it, and with most Kundig houses frankly, is that they all look like bachelor pads. I'm married with children. But I think the wife and kids could adapt. Who wouldn't want to live in a house with a fireman's pole?
_____________________________________________________
Addendum:
I should have pointed out this very good Seattle Times article about "The Brain." I've realized since writing this post that "The Brain" is a garage/studio, not intended to be a residence. Thanks to those who left comments pointing that out. It is also worth noting that Kundig received an AIA award for "The Brain" in 2004.
Oh well, even though it's not technically a house I'm still very inspired by it!
Image credits - Amazon listing (book), OSKA Architects site
Mass. EcoSteel Plat House - steel rising
00/00/0000, 00:00 | LamiDesign Modern House Plan Blog
More photos of the frame going up after the fold.

With good access all around the house the work can be done with the all terrain fork lift, saving the expense of a crane.
Technorati Tags: 6030 House, 6040 House, ecosteel, modern design, modern house, prefab house
Tulou Chinese Architecture
00/00/0000, 00:00 | Green Home Building and Sustainable Architecture
This picture was taken in front of a rammed earth building with Sunny Cai and his students.
I did some further internet research and found out more about these interesting structures. Tulou are traditional communal residences in the
There are more than 20,000 tulou in southern
Actually the Tulou were built by a minority called the Hakka, who were originally Han who fled south to escape war and famine during the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC). As they gradually moved they changed the local architecture by incorporating Han styles and that produced the tulou. Not only were the high walls built for defense but they were also the result of traditional Han architecture. Tulou were mostly built between the 12th to the 20th centuries. The oldest one was constructed over 1,200 years ago and is regarded as a “living fossil” of the construction style of central
There are three types of Tulou. The Wufeng has three halls and two side rooms and are said to be the result of a redesign of the Han courtyard. The oldest tulou are the rectangle ones, and the most emblematic ones are round. They are typically designed for defensive purposes and consist of one entrance and no windows at ground level. The biggest round one can have up to five stories with three interior rings. The largest houses cover over 40,000 m² and it is not unusual to find surviving houses of over 10,000 m². Most round tulous are three or four stories, with family kitchens and livestock on the ground floor. The next floor becomes a storage room for food and furniture (with no windows), and above that are the bedrooms.
These structures are exemplary of sustainable architecture in that they are built of local, natural materials with simple techniques. They have good thermal attributes, with the massive earthen walls to help buffer temperatures. They are obviously built to last, and house many of the necessities for life. And they embody a communal life style that conserves energy and resources; these represent a form of ancient co-housing.
Event: CScout at the PSFK Conference Asia
00/00/0000, 00:00 | CScout TrendBlog
It’s confirmed! CScout Japan will be taking part in the PSFK Conference Asia in Singapore on October 10th. We’ll be on a forum on “Asian Youth Trends” moderated by Ian Stewart of MTV along with other Asian trend professionals from around Asia, and trying our best to tie together what is indeed a highly variable geographic and cultural area.

Read an interview with CScout’s Michael Keferl in preparation for the conference: PSFK Conference Asia Speaker Michael Keferl
Also representing the Tokyo beat will be architect Mark Dytham of Klein-Dytham and PechaKucha fame, and Daryl Arnold of Profero.
If you’re in Singapore, or are able to come, contact us and we’ll meet up.
At Specialty Garage, Making Hybrids Even Greener [Clipping]
11/04/2008, 16:44 | Land+Living: Modern Lifestyle + Design2 (or 3) Questions for Charlie Lazor
11/20/2008, 08:45 | MoCo Loco
Charlie Lazor is the founder of FlatPak, the system of prefab building components that are configured to meet the client's needs. The client works with the design team to create the best house for the site and can have as much creative input as he or she wishes. Or simply leave it up to the design team. (The excellent FlatPak website features a revealing case study about this process.) The system is based on one component: an 8' wall that is one storey high. The design comes into being eight feet at a time, so the possibilities are almost endless. Or are they, now that the housing market is a mess?

FlatPak House in the Catskills
How are things going now that the real estate business is suffering? Is this a golden opportunity or the beginning of the end?
We sell a product that is a good value. We don't sell silver bullets. So like all good values, your market might shift in a severe downturn and you would expect to do less, but frankly, it's too early to tell. I can say we have clients looking to capitalize on hungry builders; savvy homeowners, university and resort property people. Worst case scenario, we can ride this out because we have low capital inputs and overhead and we'll be ready to rock when things getting moving again.
Building with Shipping Containers
00/00/0000, 00:00 | Green Home Building and Sustainable Architecture
According to David Cross of www.sgblocks.com, "a container has 8000 lbs of steel which takes 8000 kwh of energy to melt down and make new beams etc... Our process of modifying that entire 8000 lbs of steel into a "higher and better use" only takes 400 kwh of electrical energy (or 5%). Granted it takes a bit more "muscle" but we call this Value-Cycling which we feel is that next step up from Re-cycling."
Each container measures 8 feet wide by 40 feet long by 9 feet tall. SG Blocks sells the finished structural systems (also called SG Blocks) for $9,000 to $11,000 per unit. The finished units have one or two walls removed and include the necessary support columns and beam enhancements.
According to KPFF Consulting, a structural engineering firm in St. Louis with extensive experience working with shipping containers, the units are stronger than conventional house framing because of their resistance to "lateral loads" -- those seen in hurricanes and earthquakes -- and because steel is basically welded to steel. The roof is strong enough to support the extra weight of a green roof — which has vegetation growing on it — if the owner should want it.
As for their energy efficiency, they claim that when the appropriate coatings are installed, the envelope reflects about 95 percent of outside radiation, resists the loss of interior heat, provides an excellent air infiltration barrier and does not allow water to migrate in.
One idea that has occurred to me is that this system might benefit from the use of SIP's (Structural Insulated Panels) for the roofs, rather that standard truss framing. SIP's are very well insulated, install quickly, and use much less wood than convention roofs.
Shipping containers are self-supporting with beams and stout, marine-grade plywood flooring already in place, thereby eliminating time and labor during the home-building process. Cross said construction costs are comparable to those in conventional building. Four to seven units are used in a typical home, he said.
Instead of nailing the siding they use "Super Therm", a ceramic paint made by Superior Products of Minnesota; it can be used as a paint, an adhesive, an insulator, a fireproofing material and an acoustic barrier. With this ceramic paint, they claim the insulation capacity is equal to a conventional house.
Adam Kalkin, of www.architectureandhygiene.com , has also become enamored with shipping containers as an architectural solution. The idea to do something with shipping containers came to Kalkin, a New Jersey resident, when driving to New York City, where he saw sky-high stacks of the unused cargo containers in the shipyards he passed.
"The cargo containers, with a life span of about 20 years when used for their original purpose, have an “infinite life span” when stationary and properly maintained," Kalkin says. “To me they are like a treasured antique: they may not be inherently valuable, but the history and the storytelling add value.”
Environmentalists have embraced the design, applauding the recycling inherent to Kalkin's designs. And advocates for affordable-housing like the design, since according to Kalkin, "the total cost of a house—between $150,000 and $175,000 after the buyer settles upon the various options—works out to be between $73 and $90 per square foot, about half the cost of the conventional $200 per square foot for reasonable quality, new construction in the Northeast.”
Kalkin has recently opened a factory—“a hangar at a little airport in New Jersey”—to manufacture Quik Houses. “There are a lot of elbows flying in this process, and this is the best way to protect the quality of the house, to keep the accounting transparent, and to make sure I am not unwittingly responsible for heinous crimes to the built environment.” Once the factory is fully functional, Kalkin plans to export many of his products, commenting that “the possibilities of working on a world scale are exciting.”
Twenty-one thousand containers hit American shores every day of the year. Containers can be shipped to the interior of the country via trains and trucks. Shipping containers are like Lego toys and the modules can be assembled in thousands of ways.
In general it is a good thing to recycle materials that otherwise have no further use for their intended purpose, and this is true here. As for whether one can make a comfortable house out of these metal boxes, the biggest question is: insulation...it is essential, but there are many ways to insulate these containers, so this is not a big concern. Another concern that many people would have is whether a metal box would have adverse health effects because of EMF (electro-magnetic frequencies) generation or propagation. Some people are sensitive to these while others are not.
There is no doubt that these containers can be used to fabricate very strong shells that would withstand substantial abuse from the ravages of nature.Hus1 goes live - Design Prints available now.
00/00/0000, 00:00 | LamiDesign Modern House Plan Blog
The Hus1 is also the first design of our new collection, called the Blueprints Collection which will focus on mid-century inspired home designs. You can read a little bit more about the new collection on the Plans page of our site, and on the new Blueprints Collection page.
Technorati Tags: Hus1, modern design, modern house
nothing design group at experimentadesign amsterdam 2008
00/00/0000, 00:00 | designboom weblog, design related news, reviews and previews
a detail of one of the flying fish
image © designboom
just an update from experimentdesign amsterdam 2008. nothing design group, who just participated in
designboom's tokyo mart were also participants of the urban play exhibition which was part of experimentadesign.
the group of young korean designers, directed by koo jin-woog, presented 'fish in the sky' as their contribution
to the exhibition. along the IJ riverfront, transparent wind vanes in the shape of fish, were attached to flag poles
and soared above. the fish were meant to be a school of dutch herring, with the flag poles acting like
fishing rods, which have caught the fish swimming through the sky.

the fish are meant to be a representation of dutch herring
image © designboom

image © designboom

a member of nothing design group preparing one of the fish
image © droog design

fish flying high along the IJ riverfront in amsterdam
image © designboom
droog design: http://www.droog.com
urban play: http://www.urbanplay.org
experimentadesign amsterdam: http://www.experimentadesign.nl
Dutch Design Week 2008 Wrap Up
11/19/2008, 09:08 | MoCo Loco
Dutch Design Week is a faint memory by now, but we had some images left to show you. Our thanks go out to Huibert van Muilwijk for his coverage. A few more designs that merit mention are the Bye-Bye Bulb by Studio Mango, Corona by Frans Schrofer and new work from by Krejci. Along with some examples of 3D rendering, there was also some Ikea hacking by Platform 21. There was furniture from Werner Neumann and Onze Studio and the handy Toss game table by Luc van Hoeckel and Teun Fleskens. Bloomming showed their rings, as well as the Clock Delay, so now we must be patient again for time to pass until next year's show.








